indian science

Indian Science

• the indian civilization is about the oldest still alive ,and it achieved a high level of technology at an early stage.
• the history of sciece and technology in india begins with prehistoric human activity at Mehrgarh and continous through indus valley civilization (also called the bronze age civalization)to early states and empires
• the scince and technology in india has something to do with the folowing field;

a. Agriculture

The irrigation was developed in the indus valey civization by around 4500bc

b.Indian astrology

In indian theres is a long establish widespread belief in astrology and it is commonly used for daily life ;

regards to marriage

regards to career

regards to election process

c.Zinc and metallurgy

Zinc mines of zawar were active during 400bc

d.Mathematics

The used of negative numbers was known in india and their role in situationlike mathematicial problems of dept was understand .

The decimal number system originated in india .

List of indian inventions and descoveries

1.Atomism

Accoding to democritus

the term ''atomos''meaning on cottable or the smallest invisible particle of matter

DHARMAKIRTI AND DIGNAGA-indian philosopher and founder of Vaisheshika school of atomism;

1.piont sized

2.durationless

3.made of energy

CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT AND CHANDRASEKHAR NUMBER-the novvel price in physics for hs work on stellar structure nd stellar evolution.

Quasars

A quasi-stellar radio source(quasars)is very enrgetic distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus.They are most luminous object in the universe.Quasars were the 1st indentified as being highly redshift sources of electromanetic energy includng radio waves
and visible light ,that were point like similar to stars ,rather than extended sources similar to galaxy.

Islamic science

Islamic Science
culture is most relevant to european science.
Greek-arabic-latin-herbrew
The most characteristics arabic scientific development were in alchemy.
RHAZES -makes the the earliest known suggestion for furnishing a chemical laboratory
MATH

• arabic numerals- an indian system o numerical notation during 9th cenrtury
• PERSIAN MOHAMMED IBN MUSA AL_ KWARIZMI-where algorism ,which is a medieval word for arithmetic came from.Healso developed the process of rectification

ASTROLOGY_ASTRONOMY

-constant pre -accupation of the islamic world

TOLEDAN-the tables of proposition of stars which were down up 1080

MEDICINE

RHAZES-made the 1st distinction between measel and smallfox

AVICENNA-prince of phycsicians-vegetable drugs.

urban revolution

Urban Revlution

• a very important cultural transition began.
• general new needs and resourses and accompanied by the significant increase in a technological innovation.
• the beginning of the city

Categories in the urban revolution

1. crtafts men and scientist
2. copper and bronze
3. sea transportatin
4. irrigation
5. urban manufacturing
6. wheeled and vehicles
7. buildin

• summerian-1st to build columns with bricks
• egyptians-usaed stone to constract pyramids and temples

8.dissimination of technical knowledge

axiom and theorem

AXIOM and THEOREM
axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstration but considered self evident ....
Theorem is the statement which has be proven....

stone age

STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

Earlist Community

• Live almost entirely in small nomadic communities
• surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing
• developed in tropical latitudes in africa
• move out into tropical region in the landmass of Eurasia

Niolithic Revolution

• increase of population
• beginning of the town life
• sometime called NIOLITHIC revolution
• used ;wood,bone,fur,leaves,grasses

STONE-material that give its name and technologicalunity

FLINT-popular stone for this purpose although finestone

FIRE-most important contribution of prehistoric to power technology

Tools and Weapon

• stone headed pear
• harpoon
• bow and arrow

Other devices invented

• pottres wheel
• drill and lathe
• wheel

Food production

• PALEONLITHIC;gathering fishing and hunting
• NEOLITHIC;agriculture and animal husbandry

Building tecniques

• primary tombs
• burial mounts
• sun dried bricks

Manufacturing

• grinding corn
• baking clay
• spinning textiles
• domestication of animal

astronomy

Astronomy

study of celestial bodies or objects such as ;star,planet,comets,and galaxies and its phenomena.

greek world''astron-star,''nomos-law''

During the 20th century,astronomy split into 2 major categories;physics and technology.

a.observational astronomy

focused in acquiring data from observation which analized by the aids of basics principles of physics.

b.Theoritical astronomy

oriented toward the development computer or analitical models to descrides astronomical objects and phenomena.

Some contribution of early civilization;

Babylonian-beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, they discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycleknoun as ''saros''

Greek

Aristarcus-calculated the mass of the earth and meassure the distance of the moonand star,he also the 1st to proposed the hellcentric model of the solar system.

Hipparcus -invented the 1st and earliest known astronomical device such as''astrolabe''

Persian

Azophi-discover the andromeda galaxies and describe in the book of'' fixed of stars''.

Egyptians

Ali Ibn Ridwan-discovered the'' supernova''.

SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL

1.inner planets -consist of mercury,venus earth and mars

2.asteriods pelts-composed of asteroids

3.outer planets-consist of giant gas planets, jupiter,uranus and neptune

STELLAR ASTRONOMY-study of star and its formation

EXTA GALACTIC ASTRONOMY-study the of object outside the galaxy

GALMETRIC-study of galaxies

Organization and distribution of galaxy

1.Eliptical Galaxy -cross sectional

2.Spiral Galaxy-flat rotating dish

3.Irregular galaxy-chaotic apperance

Definition
maybe a statement of the essential properties of a certain things or a statement of equivalence between one expression and another , usually more complex expression that give meaning.
A things is being defined is called DEFINIENDUM,the expressio which defined it is called DEFINIEMS
a. Lexical Definition
b.Intentional Definition
c.Extentional Definition
d.Contextual Definition
e.Stipulative Definition
f.Ostensive Definition
g.Precising Definition
h.Operational Definition

classification

Classification
distinction ,identification and organization of two or more items,information and facts according to thier similarities whichch are determine through comparison.
Platos theories of universal
1.universalia in -universal in the things
2.universalia ante rem -universal before the things
3.universalia post rem-universal after the things
Four different types of similarity
1.genetic similarity
2.structural similarity
3.functional similarity
4.aparrent similarity

the great philosipher us Pierre Duhem because he is a physicist, mathematician and great philosipher of science,best known for his on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria and the scientific development in trhe middle age.He also made a major contribution to the science of his day particullarly in the field of hydrodynamics and thermdynamics.